Methods of gene assembly and their use in DNA data storage

ABSTRACT

A system for DNA gene assembly that utilizes a DNA symbol library and a DNA linker library. The symbol library has a number of DNA symbols each having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end different than and non-complimentary to the first end, the first and second ends being the same nucleotides for each DNA symbol. The linker library has pairs of DNA linkers, a first linker of a pair having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end and a second linker of the pair having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end, the first end of the first linker being the same nucleotides for each first linker and the second end of the second linker being the same nucleotides for each second linker, wherein the second end of the first linker and the first end of the second linker have complementary nucleotides. The first linker joins to the first end of a DNA symbol and the second linker joins to the second end of another DNA symbol.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional application No. 62/889,400 filed Aug. 20, 2019 and titled “DNA Storage Write Architecture,” which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

This application incorporates by reference the nucleotide sequences in the ASCII text file titled “STL074690_Sequence_Listing_S25.txt,” the date of creation of this ASCII text file being Jul. 16, 2020, and the size of the ASCII text file in bytes being 5 KB, the content of which is incorporated by reference, in its entirety, into this application. The ASCII text file refers to the sequences shown in the figures, particularly, in FIGS. 1A and B, FIG. 2, FIG. 5C, FIG. 7C, and FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C, where “A” refers to adenine, “G” refers to guanine, “C” refers to cytosine, and “T” refers to thymine. No new matter is being added to this application by addition of these sequence listings.

BACKGROUND

There is always a desire for more data storage and increased writing to and reading from that storage.

DNA is an emerging technology for data storage. Current methods assert that a DNA strand or gene, to store 5 KB of data, can be written in 14 days. Comparatively, magnetic disk drives and magnetic tapes both can write 1 TByte in about an hour. A single DNA base pair location can store 2 bits; thus, 4000 Giga-base pairs would need to be stored in an hour to match the capabilities of a single disk drive or tape. Although current technology is believed to be capable of writing 15 base pairs an hour, there needs to be an 8 to 9 order of magnitude improvement in order for DNA data storage to be viable.

SUMMARY

This disclosure is directed to methods of building DNA strands, or genes, at a high rate that are suitable for data storage. The methods include assigning a bit pattern to each nucleotide and utilizing libraries of pre-prepared oligos that are combined to form the desired DNA gene, encoding the desired data.

One particular implementation described herein is a system for DNA synthesis. The system has a DNA symbol library comprising a number of DNA symbols each comprising a number of nucleotide pairs, the number of DNA symbols being 4{circumflex over ( )}(the number of nucleotide pairs), each DNA symbol having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end different than and non-complimentary to the first overhanging end, the first overhanging end and the second overhanging end being the same nucleotides for each DNA symbol. The system also has a DNA linker library comprising pairs of DNA linkers each comprising nucleotide pairs, a first linker of a pair having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end and a second linker of the pair having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end, the first overhanging end of the first linker being the same nucleotides for each first linker and the second overhanging end of the second linker being the same nucleotides for each second linker, wherein the second overhanging end of the first linker and the first overhanging end of the second linker have complementary nucleotides. The first linker of a pair is adapted to join to the first overhanging end of a DNA symbol and the second linker of the pair is adapted to join to the second overhanging end of another DNA symbol. In some implementations, the DNA linker library also has DNA linkers having a non-overhanging end. Additionally or alternately, in some implementations, the first overhanging end for each of the DNA symbols in the DNA symbol library is the same, and the second overhanging end for each of the DNA symbols in the DNA symbol library is the same.

One particular implementation described herein is a method of making a DNA gene. The method includes providing a DNA symbol library comprising a number of DNA symbols each having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end different than and non-complimentary to the first overhanging end, the first overhanging end and the second overhanging end being the same nucleotides for each DNA symbol, and providing a DNA linker library comprising pairs of DNA linkers each comprising nucleotide pairs, a first linker of a pair having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end and a second linker of the pair having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end, the first overhanging end of the first linker being the same nucleotides for each first linker and the second overhanging end of the second linker being the same nucleotides for each second linker, wherein the second overhanging end of the first linker and the first overhanging end of the second linker have complementary nucleotides. The method also includes, simultaneously, linking a first DNA symbol to a first first linker and to a first second linker, the first and second linkers from a pair of linkers or from different pairs of linkers, the first overhanging end of the first symbol linking to the first first linker and the second overhanging end of the first symbol linking to the first second linker to form a first oligo; linking a second DNA symbol to a second first linker and to a second second linker, the first and second linkers from a pair of linkers or from different pairs of linkers, the first overhanging end of the second symbol linking to the second first linker and the second overhanging end of the second symbol linking to the second second linker to form a second oligo; and linking a third DNA symbol to a third first linker and to a third second linker, the first and second linkers from a pair of linkers or from different pairs of linkers, the first overhanging end of the third symbol linking to the third first linker and the second overhanging end of the third symbol linking to the third second linker to form a third oligo. The method further includes linking the first oligo, the second oligo and the third oligo to form a DNA gene.

Other systems and methods are also described herein.

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. These and various other features and advantages will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The described technology is best understood from the following Detailed Description describing various implementations read in connection with the accompanying drawing.

FIG. 1A is a schematic rendering of two DNA oligos; FIG. 1B is a schematic rendering of the two DNA oligos having overhanging ends; and FIG. 1C is a schematic rendering of the two DNA oligos having overhanging ends joined.

FIG. 2 is a schematic rendering of two DNA oligos both having the same overhanging ends, the DNA oligos being symbols from an example symbol library.

FIG. 3A is a schematic rendering of a DNA oligo having two overhanging ends, the oligo being a linker from an example linker library; and FIG. 3B is a schematic rendering of two DNA oligos having one overhanging end and one terminating end, the DNA oligos being linkers from an example linker library.

FIG. 4 is a schematic rendering of four example pairs of linkers.

FIG. 5A is a schematic rendering of three oligo symbols, a first step in a method of making a data storage gene; FIG. 5B is schematic rendering of a second step of joining the three symbols each with two linkers, the second step in the method; and FIG. 5C is a schematic rendering of a third step of the method of making a data storage gene.

FIG. 6 is a schematic rendering of a data storage gene annotated to show various portions thereof.

FIG. 7A is a schematic rendering of six oligo symbols, a first step in a method of making a data storage gene; FIG. 7B is schematic rendering of a second step of joining the six symbols each with two linkers, the second step in the method; FIG. 7C is a schematic rendering of the joined symbols from FIG. 7B, a third step of the method of making a data storage gene; and FIG. 7D is a schematic rendering of symbols of FIG. 7C joined to form the data storage gene, a fourth step of the method.

FIG. 8A is a schematic diagram of a lab-on-a-chip showing a step in a method of making a data storage gene; and FIG. 8B is a schematic diagram of the lab-on-a-chip showing another step in the method.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a lab-on-a-chip showing a PCR process.

FIG. 10A is a schematic rendering of a first portion of a PCR process utilizing the same primer; FIG. 10B is a schematic rendering of a second portion of the PCR process; and FIG. 10C is a schematic rendering of a portion of an assembly process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As indicated above, various methods of building DNA strands or genes at a high rate are provided herein. The methods include utilizing libraries of pre-prepared oligos and mass parallelization to form the desired DNA structure or gene. If the gene is to be used as a data storage gene, the methods include assigning a bit pattern (e.g., 00, 01, 10, 11) to each nucleotide (A, C, G, T), thus providing a gene encoding the desired data. It is noted that the methods described herein are directed to synthesizing a data storage gene, however the same methods are applicable to other applications that warrant DNA synthesis.

In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawing that forms a part hereof and in which is shown by way of illustration at least one specific implementation. The following description provides additional specific implementations. It is to be understood that other implementations are contemplated and may be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure. The following detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense. While the present disclosure is not so limited, an appreciation of various aspects of the disclosure will be gained through a discussion of the examples, including the figures, provided below. In some instances, a reference numeral may have an associated sub-label consisting of a lower-case letter to denote one of multiple similar components. When reference is made to a reference numeral without specification of a sub-label, the reference is intended to refer to all such multiple similar components.

As indicated above, for a data storage gene, each nucleotide is assigned a bit pattern. In one example, A=00, C=10, G=01, and T=11. Multiple nucleotides form an oligo, and multiple oligos can be combined to eventually form a gene.

In accordance with the system described herein, multiple oligos are grouped in a library. An example of an oligo library is provided in Table 1, which lists pairs of nucleotides and a corresponding binary pattern.

TABLE 1 DNA Oligo Binary AA 0000 AG 0001 AC 0010 AT 0011 GA 0100 GG 0101 GC 0110 GT 0111 CA 1000 CG 1001 CC 1010 CT 1011 TA 1100 TG 1101 TC 1110 TT 1111

Using the example in Table 1 above, AA is 0000; the two base pair oligo stores 4 bits. As the oligo strand lengthens, more bits, bytes and data can be stored. For example, an oligo that is 8 base pairs long stores 16 bits, or 2 bytes. Using the example in Table 1, an oligo AATTAGTC is 0000111100011110, storing two bytes. It is noted that the example in Table 1 is an example of a primitive case and other bit mappings are possible where both the mapping and number of nucleotides per bit are different.

As indicated above, the system described herein utilizes libraries of oligos to synthesize DNA strands or genes. The system includes a first library of oligos that are referred to herein as “symbols” and a second library of oligos that are referred to herein as “linkers.” In general, when a symbol is used in synthesizing a data storage gene, the term “symbol” is used to represent an oligo that has a bit pattern. Additional details regarding symbols and linkers are provided below.

As seen from above, longer chain oligos (symbols and/or linkers) encode more data. Longer chains, however, typically require longer synthesis time. To decrease the time to synthesize longer chains, larger starting oligos can be used in the libraries.

For example, if the library has symbols that are 8 base pairs long, the system can store 16 bits per symbol. Having a DNA symbol library with larger symbols speeds up the synthesis time, but the number of symbols may not scale well. For symbols that are 8 base pairs long, the system would have 65,536 unique symbols in the library. For symbols that are 9 base pairs long, the system would have 262,144 unique symbols in the library. For symbols that are 10 base pairs long, the system would have 1,048,576 unique symbols. As shown in Table 2, the symbol library size is 4 to the power of the base pairs; i.e., the library size is 4{circumflex over ( )}(base pairs per symbol).

TABLE 2 Base Pairs Number of Bits Size of per Symbol per Symbol Symbol Library 1 2 4 2 4 16 3 6 64 4 8 256 5 10 1024 6 12 4096 7 14 16,384 8 16 65,536 9 18 262,144 10 20 1,048,576

To form a DNA strand or gene of sufficient length to store usable amounts of data, multiple DNA symbols (i.e., at least two, often at least ten, more often at least twenty) from the library are combined. To control the connection of the symbols to obtain the desired nucleotide sequence, the symbols are provided with overhanging ends.

The overhanging ends can be generated using an isothermal buffer, an exonuclease (such as T5), a DNA ligase (such as Taq) and a DNA polymerase (e.g., a Gibson recipe). With such a procedure, a number of bases from the 5′ ends of the symbol (oligo) are removed, creating the overhanging ends. The overhanging ends are complementary pairs; only ends which are complementary will combine when the symbols are combined. FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C illustrate removal of the ends to provide hanging ends and then combination of two such symbols.

In FIG. 1A, a first symbol precursor 10 a and a second symbol precursor 10 b are shown. Each of these symbol precursors 10 is a DNA fragment, or oligo, formed of complementary nucleotide pairs. In the particular example shown, each symbol precursor 10 is 20 pairs; other examples of symbol precursors can be shorter or longer.

In FIG. 1B, the two symbol precursors are now shown as a first symbol 100 a and a second symbol 100 b, each having nucleotides removed therefrom to form an overhanging end at each end. Specifically, the first symbol 100 a has a first hanging end 102 a and an opposite second hanging end 104 a, and the second symbol 100 b has a first hanging end 102 b and an opposite second hanging end 104 b. In the particular example shown, each overhanging end is three nucleotides; other examples of hanging ends can be shorter or longer, in most implementations however, longer. It is these symbols 100, plus many others, that form the symbol library.

In FIG. 1C, the two symbols 100 from FIG. 1B are shown joined, resulting in a longer, combined symbol or oligo 1000; for ease, a delineation between the two symbols 100 is shown in the oligo 1000. In this schematic, the exposed second end 104 a of the first symbol 100 a is the complement of the exposed first end 102 b of the second symbol 100 b, thus, the ends 104 a, 102 b join, resulting in the larger symbol 1000.

In the example shown in FIG. 1B, the hanging end 102 is not the same as the hanging end 104 for each symbol 100, nor is the first hanging end 102 a of the first symbol 100 a the same as or complimentary to the first hanging end 102 b of the second symbol 100 b, nor is the second hanging end 104 a of the first symbol 100 a the same as nor complementary to the second hanging end 104 b of the second symbol 100 b. The second hanging end 104 a of the first symbol 100 a is, however, complementary to the first hanging end 102 b of the second symbol 100 b, in this example. In alternate implementations, the symbols in the symbol library are designed to all have the same overhanging first end and the same overhanging second end. FIG. 2 shows two examples of symbols 200, as symbol 200 a and symbol 200 b, from a 16-bit symbol library, which have overhanging TT and GG ends (underlined in the figure). In the particular example shown, each overhanging end is two nucleotides; other examples of hanging ends can be shorter or longer, in most implementations however, longer. Further, in other examples, the overhanging ends could be any nucleotides in any sequence, e.g., AA, AC, TCG, etc., as long as the overhanging ends are not complimentary to each other.

By having all the oligos in the symbol library have the same beginning and same end, the same PCR (polymerase chain reaction) chemistry can be used to amplify and/or replenish the inventory in the library. Because the ends are the same, the same two primers can be used for every symbol in the PCR process. Additional details regarding replenishing the inventory are provided below.

By having the hanging ends being the same for all the symbols 200, the symbols 200 cannot join, as they did in the example shown in FIGS. 1B and 1C. Thus, in accordance with this disclosure, a linker library is provided, which is a collection of “linking” oligos that will attach to the first end and to the second end of all the symbols in the symbol library, thus providing a controlled connection mechanism for the symbols. The linkers are oligos having at least one overhanging end complementary to an overhanging end of the symbol; the linker oligos can be shorter than the symbol oligos. For example, if the overhanging ends for all the symbols 200 are TT and GG, then all the linkers have at least one overhanging end, either AA or CC, complementary to an overhanging end of the symbol; the other end of the linker may be any nucleotide sequence and overhanging or not, pursuant to the discussion below regarding FIG. 4. FIG. 3A illustrates an example linker 300 having two overhanging ends CC and AT (shown underlined); these ends, and thus the linker 300, would join to a symbol having a GG end of to a symbol having a TA end. With these complementary linkers, the symbols assemble in the correct order to form the final data storage gene.

As used and described herein, a DNA storage gene is a collection of DNA symbols connected by linkers. In some implementations only the term “gene” is used to refer to the DNA storage gene.

In order to obtain the correct length of the resulting data storage gene and also the correct assembly order of the symbols, the linker library includes linkers having terminating or non-overhanging ends. FIG. 3B shows two linkers 310 a, 310 b, each having one overhanging end (shown underlined in the figure) and one terminating or non-overhanging end. Two linkers 310, each having a terminating end, will cap a chain of assembled symbols, with one linker 310 at each end of the symbols, and will thus terminate the data storage gene. In the shown example of FIG. 3B, for the linker 310 a, the overhanging AA end will engage with a TT overhanging end of a symbol and the terminating end of the linker 310 a will terminate the gene by not allowing joining to a further symbol or linker at that end. Similarly, for the linker 310 b, the overhanging CC end will engage with an overhanging GG end of a symbol and the terminating end of the linker 310 b will terminate the other end of the gene.

The linkers 300 having two overhanging ends can be provided as pairs, so that at least one of the overhanging ends of each linker is complementary to an overhanging end of the other linker. FIG. 4 provides four examples of linker pairs 400 a, 400 b, 400 c, 400 d. Each of these pairs 400 has two linkers, a first linker 402 and a second linker 404, that can be connected to each other, in this implementation, in only one configuration. In the particular example of pairs 400 a, 400 b, 400 c, 400 d shown, each of the first linkers 402 a, 402 b, 402 c, 402 d has an overhanging CC end and an opposite overhanging end of varying nucleotides (AT for the linker 402 a, AC for the linker 402 b, AG for the linker 402 c, GA for the linker 402 d), and each of the second linkers 404 a, 404 b, 404 c, 404 d has an overhanging AA end and an opposite overhanging end of varying nucleotides (TA for the linker 404 a, TG for the linker 404 b, TC for the linker 404 c, CT for the linker 404 d) that are complementary to the varying end of the first linkers 402. The overhanging CC end of these first linkers 402 will join to the overhanging GG end of the symbols 200 (of FIG. 2) and the overhanging AA of the second linkers 404 end will join to the overhanging TT end of the symbols 200 (of FIG. 2).

Although only four linker pairs 400 are shown in FIG. 4, several other pairs of linkers are possible. It is noted that for this example, a linker having an overhanging CC end and an opposite overhanging AA end is excluded because it will cause unwanted links.

With the library of symbols and the library of linkers, long strands or genes can be made, such as for data storage. FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C show steps for an example method using linkers and symbols to form a storage gene.

In FIG. 5A, three symbols 500 from the symbol library are shown as symbols 500 a, 500 b, 500 c. Each of the symbols 500 has two overhanging ends, one end being TT and the other being GG; because of these ends, the symbols 500 will not join to each other.

In FIG. 5B, the three symbols 500 are individually combined with two linkers from the linker library, particularly, a first linker 502 and a second linker 504. The two linkers 502, 504 may be from the same pair (e.g., of FIG. 4) or may be from different pairs. As seen, each first linker 502 a, 502 b, 502 c has a CC overhanging end and a second end that is an overhanging end (for the linker 502 a, 502 b) or a terminating end (for linker 502 c). Each second linker 504 a, 504 b, 504 c has an AA overhanging end and a second end that is an overhanging end (for linker 504 b, 504 c) or a terminating end (for linker 504 a). The symbol 500 and the two linkers 502, 504 combine to form a longer, oligo 506 (specifically, the symbol 500 a combines with the linkers 502 a, 504 a to form oligo 506 a; the symbol 500 b combines with the linkers 502 b, 504 b to form oligo 506 b; and the symbol 500 c combines with the linkers 502 c, 504 c to form oligo 506 c). The symbol 500 may combine with the two linkers 502, 504 simultaneously or sequentially; that is, the two linkers 502, 504 may combine with the symbol 500 at the same time, or one may combine before the other. Although only three reactions are shown progressing in parallel in this example, it is understood that any number of reactions could simultaneously occur, thus increasing the rate of building the final data storage gene.

In FIG. 5C, the oligos 506 from FIG. 5B are combined all together to form a storage gene 508. Because of the various overhanging ends, the oligo 506 a, oligo 506 b, and oligo 506 c will link in the correct order to form the storage gene 508, and because of the terminating ends, no further linking on to the storage gene 508 can occur.

The previous discussion has provided an example utilizing a library of symbols (having overhanging ends) and a library of paired linkers to form a DNA gene or strand with the nucleotides arranged in the desired order. Utilizing multiple symbols and multiple linkers, all of which are predetermined oligos, and utilizing parallel reactions, the synthesis rate of the final gene is greatly improved compared to a de novo gene synthesis where each base pair is added one at a time.

In one particular implementation, the methods of this disclosure utilize a 16-bit symbol library having 65,536 unique DNA symbols (oligos) and a linker library having 17 unique DNA linkers (oligos) having two central base pairs. Such as system can readily create a data storage gene that is 15 DNA symbols long, storing 30 bytes (140 bits) using 120 base pairs. Each symbol is combined with corresponding linkers (e.g., as shown in FIG. 5B); multiple combinations can be done in parallel. The resulting oligos 506 are then mixed to form the DNA data storage gene in a second step (e.g., as shown in FIG. 5C). It is noted that although this is shown as a two-step method, there may be multiple chemistry steps per step.

The rate of synthesis of the gene depends on the number of nucleotide pairs in the symbols and the linkers. If the linkers have three base pairs, the system can combine 63 symbols at one time to create a 126 byte data storage gene that requires two steps. If the linkers have five base pairs, the system can combine 1023 symbols at one time to create a 2048 byte data storage gene that requires two steps. Thus, the linker library provides a mechanism for readily combining the symbols in the desired order to form the data storage gene.

Additionally, the linkers can provide timing and sequence information to the data storage gene. The linkers provide a repetitive pattern at known positions in the data storage gene, as seen in FIG. 6.

In FIG. 6, a data storage gene 600, formed from symbols 610 (specifically, symbols 610 a, 610 b, 610 c) linked via linkers (not called out in FIG. 6), is shown. The storage gene 600 has a unique start sequence 601 at a first end and a unique stop sequence 602 at the second end, both provided by terminated ends on a linker. The linkers provide repeating patterns, in this example a first repeating pattern 602 and a second repeating pattern 604 (both having two occurrences, as pattern 602 a, 602 b and pattern 604 a, 604 b). These repeating patterns 602, 604 are at the ends of the linker and can be used for timing recovery. The linkers also provide unique known patterns 606, 608 at the center of the linker. These unique known patterns 606, 608 can be used as address marks in the gene 600. Thus, each linker provides a first repeating pattern 602 (which repeats in all the linkers), a second repeating pattern 604 (which repeats in all the linkers), and a known pattern 606 or 608. The patterns 602, 604, 606, 608, as well as the unique start sequence 601 and the unique stop sequence 602, can additionally be used to identify partial fragments.

The linker library can be designed to reduce the number of linker oligos needed. In such a manner, one linker can be used for multiple connections. In general, the size of the linker library can be limited by having additional steps in the synthesis method.

FIG. 7A through 7D show example steps for making a data storage gene with recycling of the linker library. In FIG. 7A, six symbols 700 a, 700 b, 700 c, 700 d, 700 e, 700 f are shown. Each of these symbols 700 has overhanging ends that are the same for each symbol 700.

In FIG. 7B, the six symbols 700 are individually combined two linkers from the linker library, particularly, a first linker 702 and a second linker 704. The two linkers 702, 704 may be from the same pair (e.g., of FIG. 4) or may be from different pairs. As seen, each first linker 702 has a CC overhanging end. Linkers 702 a, 702 b, 702 c, 702 d and 702 e have a second end that is an overhanging end of various nucleotides, except that the ends are the same for linkers 702 a and 702 d, for linkers 702 b and 702 e. The linker 702 f has a truncated or terminating second end. Each second linker 704 has an AA overhanging end. Linkers 704 b, 704 c, 704 d, 704 e and 704 f have a second end that is an overhanging end of various nucleotides, except that the ends are the same for linkers 704 b and 704 e, and for linkers 704 c and 704 f. The linker 704 a has a truncated or terminating second end.

The symbol 700 and the two linkers 702, 704 combine to form a longer, combined oligo 706 (specifically, symbol 700 a combines with linkers 702 a, 704 a to form oligo 706 a; symbol 700 b combines with linkers 702 b, 704 b to form oligo 706 b, etc.). Although only six reactions are shown progressing in parallel in this example, it is understood that any number of reactions could simultaneously occur, thus increasing the rate of synthesis.

FIG. 7C shows intermediate oligo 708 a formed by linking combined oligo 706 a, combined oligo 706 b and combined oligo 706 c (all from FIG. 7B) directly together via their overhanging ends, and intermediate oligo 708 b formed by linking combined oligo 706 d, combined oligo 706 e and combined oligo 706 f directly together via their overhanging ends. The first intermediate oligo 708 a has a terminal end due to linker 704 a and the second intermediate oligo 708 b has a terminating end due to linker 702 f.

In FIG. 7D, the intermediate oligo 708 a and intermediate oligo 708 b are combined to form a data storage gene 710, without the need to use additional linkers due to the complementary overhanging ends.

Depending on the terminal ends of the symbols and the linkers, additional step(s) may be included combining an oligo (e.g., an intermediate oligo) with a pair of linkers to form yet a longer oligo, which is then joined in a subsequent step, such as in FIG. 7D.

Summarized, for a gene that is 64 symbols long, the following methods can be used to synthesize the gene.

Method #1: Step 1: mix 64 oligo symbols with their corresponding linker oligos from the linker library which contains 64 unique pairs of linkers. Step 2: mix all 64 oligos to form the gene.

Method #2: Step 1: mix 16 oligo symbols with their corresponding linker oligos from the linker library which contains 16 unique pairs of linkers. Step 2: mix each of the oligos from step 1 together to form a 16 symbol oligo. Step 3: repeat steps 1 and 2 three more time with 32 additional symbols. Step 4: after step 3, there are 4 oligos that are each 16 symbols long; mix these individually with 4 pairs of linkers. Step 5: combine all 4 oligos from step 4 to create a gene that is 64 symbols long. The repeats of step 1 and step 2 (described in step 3) can be done in parallel.

As can be seen, Method #2 requires more steps, but also utilizes only 16 linkers versus the 64 linkers for Method #1.

Similarly, for a gene that is 60 symbols long, the following methods can be used to synthesize the gene.

Method #1: Step 1: mix 60 oligo symbols with their corresponding linker oligos from the linker library which contains 60 unique pairs of linkers. Step 2: mix all 60 oligos to form the gene.

Method #2: Step 1: mix 15 oligo symbols with their corresponding linker oligos from the linker library which contains 15 unique pairs of linkers. Step 2: mix each of the oligos from step 1 together to form a 15 symbol oligo. Step 3: repeat steps 1 and 2 three more time with 30 additional symbols. Step 4: after step 3, there are 4 oligos that are each 15 symbols long; mix these individually with 4 pairs of linkers. Step 5: combine all 4 oligos from step 4 to create a gene that is 60 symbols long. The repeats of step 1 and step 2 (described in step 3) can be done in parallel.

As can be seen, Method #2 requires more steps, but also utilizes only 15 linkers versus the 60 linkers for Method #1.

With such methods, the numbers of linkers in the linker library can be reduced or limited by utilizing the same overhanging ends and including additional steps in the synthesis method. For example, a 15 linker-pair linker library reused twice will give a 15×15=225 symbol gene in four steps. A 16 linker-pair linker library reused twice will give a 16×6=256 symbol storage gene in four steps; at 2 bytes per symbol, the result is a 512 byte storage gene. As another example, a 64 linker-pair linker library reused twice will give a 64×64=4096 symbol storage gene in four steps; at 2 bytes per symbol, the result is an 8192 byte storage gene. As yet another example, a 4096 linker-pair linker library reused twice will give a 4096×4096=16,777,216 symbol storage gene in four steps; at 2 bytes per symbol, the result is a 33 megabyte storage gene.

In the example provided above, the system has 65,536 unique DNA symbols in the symbol library, each which is 16 bits on 8 base pairs.

Once a data storage gene is formed, the data stored therein, by the sequence of the nucleotides, can be read by known sequencing methods. However, during reading of the data storage gene, errors may occur. By reading one nucleotide base incorrectly, two bit errors are obtained. For example:

-   -   Correct read: AATTAGTC translates to 00001111000110     -   Incorrect read: TATTAGTC translates to 11001111000110

To inhibit incorrect reading, an error correction can be built in to the DNA symbols. With the system described herein, extra base pairs can be added to the symbols to create a Hamming Code; adding extra pairs to the symbols does not increase the size of the library nor slow down the synthesis of the data storage gene. It is noted that the extra base pairs may, however, decrease the read speed of the gene. Hamming Codes are well known in other applications, and additional details regarding same are well known and are not provided herein.

The synthesis method described above can be implemented in any manner, e.g., utilizing various reactors, flasks, beakers, etc. The method is also particularly suited to be done as a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip process.

Lab-on-a-chip is a common term for an integrated circuit (“chip”) on which one or several laboratory functions or chemical reactions are done. The chip can be no more than a few square centimeters. Labs-on-a-chip handle extremely small fluid volumes (e.g., measured as pico-liters) and are often called microfluidic systems. In digital microfluidics, the lab-on-a-chip has a hydrophobic “chip platform” on which fluid droplets (e.g., liquid droplets) can be manipulated by precisely controlled voltage application. The platform may have a cover plate covering the fluidic area. By utilizing the feature of surface tension of the fluid on the platform, the fluid can be precisely moved across the platform by voltage applied to the platform, e.g., in a grid.

For the synthesis method described above, the lab-on-a-chip is operably and fluidically connected to the symbol library, with each symbol retained in a well or other liquid storage compartment. Similarly, the lab-on-a-chip is operably and fluidically connected to the linker library, with each linker retained in a well or other storage compartment. In some designs, there may be at least 10,000 wells for the symbols, or at least 20,000, or at least 30,000 wells, or at least 65,000 wells. Additionally or alternately, there can be at least 10 wells for the linkers, or at least 15 wells, at least 30 wells, or at least 60 wells.

Using known techniques (e.g., voltage differential on the platform), the dispensed symbols and linkers are moved on (across) the platform and mixed in the desired steps. All mixing of the oligos (e.g., symbols and linkers) can be done on the platform or a dedicated mixing station may be used for one or more of the joining steps, e.g., utilizing heat and/or agitation. In some implementations, the platform may include a controllable reaction facilitator, such as a UV light source, and/or the final mixing station may include a voltage source, e.g., to align the completed gene to aid in collection.

One suitable (physical) size for a lab-on-a-chip is about 20 mm by 20 mm, which is compatible to an 8 inch wafer and could have 785,000 array elements, each array element having controllable voltage independently applied thereto. In some implementations, each well or other storage compartment for the oligos (symbols or linkers) is 10× the size of an array element. This would provide 66,560 wells and leave 119,000 arrays for transport and mixing of the symbols and linkers on the platform.

A stacked or otherwise three-dimensional array of labs-on-a-chip would increase density and decrease required area for the synthesis. A drop elevator could be used to provide synthesis on multiple vertically stacked levels.

A cleaning or decontamination mechanism may be included in the lab-on-the-chip to rinse, wash, or otherwise decontaminate certain or all grid locations that have had or will have a symbol or linker present thereon. For example, an amount (e.g., drop) of cleaning solution (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) can be applied to and moved across the platform to cleanse the platform. In one particular example, the cleaning solution can follow immediately behind a linker or symbol, thus cleaning and decontaminating the surface of any oligo that may remain. In another particular example, the cleaning solution can trace the path the oligo will follow.

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate two steps of an example synthesis method. These figures illustrate an example of a lab-on-a-chip to make a 2048 byte storage gene using the methods of this disclosure.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show a lab-on-a-chip 800 with a platform working surface 802 having numerous cells each configured for independently receiving a voltage. The lab 800 includes a plurality of wells 804 for the oligo symbol library, each well 804 retaining one symbol. The lab 800 also includes a plurality of wells 806 for the oligo linker library, each well 806 retaining one linker. Although the figures show the wells 804 and the wells 806 on opposite sides of the platform 802, because there may be significantly more symbol wells 804 than linker wells 806, the wells 804, 806 may be arranged on the chip 800 in any order. To make a 2048 byte gene, 65,536 symbols are present in the wells 804 and 1024 linker pairs (thus, 2048 linker oligos) are present in the wells 806. The lab 800 also has a final mixing location 808 for the final mixing or synthesis step for the data storage gene.

In a first step, partially shown in FIG. 8A, all 1024 linker pairs are combined with their corresponding 1024 (of the 65,536) symbols on the platform 802; for clarity of understanding and to simplify the figure, FIG. 8A shows only four combinations of three unique symbols with eight unique linkers, although all linkers and symbols may eventually be combined on the platform 802. The selected symbol is moved via voltage on the platform 802 to meet and combine with the appropriate linkers (also moved via voltage on the platform 802). In a second step, shown partially in FIG. 8B, all 1024 drops (which have a symbol with two linkers) are moved via voltage to the final mixing location 808 where they self-assemble to form the 2048 byte data storage gene; for clarity of understanding and to simplify the figure, FIG. 8B shows the four combinations moving to the final mixing location 808, although all combined linkers and symbols will eventually move to the final mixing location 808. It is noted that a particular symbol and/or particular linkers may be used multiple times to form the eventual gene. Additionally, a particular symbol can be combined with different linkers, as well as a particular symbol can be combined with different linkers.

The lab 800 also includes a PCR region 810 to replenish the linker and/or symbol libraries, the PCR region 810 including wells for PCR chemicals 820 a, 820 b and a PCR station 830. Naturally, the symbols and linkers are depleted with each synthesized storage gene. Occasionally, the symbols and linkers need to be replenished; the PCR region 810 of the lab 800 allows this replenishment to be done at the lab 800.

Depending on the symbols and the linkers used (particularly, the overhanging ends of the symbols and the linkers), the same PCR chemistry set can be used for both the symbol and linker libraries. In some implementations, only a few (e.g., one, two, three, or four) PCR chemicals are needed.

Because of the need to move numerous symbols and linkers to each other, to the final mixing location 808, and to the PCR region 810, many of which are moved or moving simultaneously, numerous paths are used. For example, at a point in time, one hundred symbols and 200 linkers (e.g., 16 unique linker pairs, some of which are used multiple times) may be moving on the platform 802. In most implementations, these paths are not constrained by channels or other physical or set paths on the platform 802, but movement of the fluids on the platform 802 is controlled merely by the applied voltage. It is noted that due to the large number of paths needed, a very detailed and complicated traffic map may be needed.

FIG. 9 illustrates use of the PCR region to replenish a symbol. Similar to the lab 800, in FIG. 9 the lab-on-a-chip 900 has a platform working surface 902 having numerous cells each configured for independently receiving a voltage. The lab 900 includes a plurality of wells 904 for the oligo symbol library, a plurality of wells 906 for the oligo linker library, and a final mixing location 908. The lab 900 also includes a PCR region 910 to replenish the linker and/or symbol libraries when needed, the PCR region 910 including wells 902 a, 902 b for PCR chemicals and a PCR station 930.

In FIG. 9, a symbol is shown being moved from its respective well 904 to the PCR station 930. Appropriate PCR chemicals (e.g., primers, DNA polymerase, free nucleotides) are added from the chemical wells 920 to the station 930 to synthesize additional copies of the symbol. The lab 900 can include an appropriate heating source to denature the symbol or linker being synthesized. Additionally, the lab 900 can include an appropriate cooling source for annealing primers to the denatured symbol or linker. The PCR station 930 is configured to include all chemicals needed to automatically and autonomously replenish the symbols and linkers when needed.

In a PCR process, two primers are needed for each oligo, one primer for each end. As indicated above, by having all the oligos in the symbol library have the same beginning and same end (TT and GG overhanging ends, in the example shown), the same PCR chemistry (i.e., the same two primers) can be used for all symbols in the library. In the example provided above however, half of the oligos in the linker library have the same first end and the other half of the oligos in the linker library have another same first end; the second end is different. For the linkers, the same PCR chemistry (i.e., the same primer) can be used for one end of all the linkers; only the second end of the linkers will need a different primer.

To avoid the need for numerous primer chemistries, the oligos and the primer can be specifically designed for each other. In the following example shown in FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C, a universal primer for all DNA symbols, linkers, and terminating ends is used for PCR amplification.

In these figures, a forward primer “PF”, and a reverse primer, “PR” are complimentary to the 3′ ends of each DNA oligo (the oligo being a symbol, linker, or terminating end and found at the center region of each oligo, further discussed below). During PCR amplification, primer PF anneals to the forward 3′ end and primer PR anneals to the reverse 3′ end.

FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B show these universal primer binding sequences, PR and PF, attached to two reaction sets, one in FIG. 10A and one in FIG. 10B. In FIG. 10A, the set 1000A has an oligo 1002 that contains a linker (linker 1A, depicted as L1A), an oligo 1004 that contains a terminating end (depicted as E1), and an oligo 1006 that contains a symbol (depicted as S1). In FIG. 10B, the set 1000B has an oligo 1052 that contains a linker (linker 1B, depicted as LIB), an oligo 1054 that contains a linker (linker 2A, depicted as L2A), and an oligo 1056 that contains a symbol (depicted as S2). The nucleotides shown in bold in the oligos are necessary internal bases and are adjacent to the linker, symbol, or terminating end.

Downstream of the forward primer PF binding region, there is a restriction enzyme cut site; in the shown example, the cut site is a BamH1 site, identified as

G/GATCC CCATG/G in each of oligos 1002, 1004, 1006 and oligos 1052, 1054, 1056.

Upstream of the reverse primer PR binding region, there is a second restriction enzyme cut site; in the shown example, the cut site is a Bcl1 site, identified as

T/GATCA ACTAG/T in each of oligos 1002, 1004, 1006 and oligos 1052, 1054, 1056.

The slashes (/) indicate the locations where the restriction enzymes cut.

The two cut sites, at the forward primer PF and the reverse primer PR, are different in this example but in other implementations the cut sites can be the same.

After PCR amplification, the primer binding regions may be cut off the rest of the DNA segment by the addition of the appropriate restriction enzyme. In FIG. 10A, the oligos 1002, 1004, 1006 are cut at the Bcl1 and BamH1 sites (e.g., by a reaction that takes 5-15 minutes at 37° C.) to form a next set 1010 of oligos, specifically, the oligos 1012, 1014, 1016. Similarly, in FIG. 10B, the oligos 1052, 1054, 1056 are cut at the Bcl1 and BamH1 sites (e.g., by a reaction that takes 5-15 minutes at 37° C.) to form a next set 1060 of oligos, specifically, the oligos 1062, 1064, 1066.

In the example provided above, the cutting reaction takes 5-15 minutes at 37° C. The reaction process may be done at any elevated temperature, e.g., 37° C. or 45° C., dependent on the particular restriction enzyme utilized. After a specified reaction time (e.g., 5-60 minutes), the reaction may be stopped by any known mechanism, including by elevating the temperature further for a specified time (e.g., 65° C. for 5-15 minutes) or the addition of EDTA. Alternatively, if the restriction enzyme reaction does not require a stop step, the stop step may be eliminated. Oligos 1012, 1014, 1016 in FIG. 10A and oligos 1062, 1064, 1066 in FIG. 10B are the resulting DNA segments after the primers are cut off by a Bcl1 and BamH1 restriction digest.

After the primers are removed by the restriction enzyme digest, as described above, the resulting DNA segments (e.g., oligos 1012, 1014, 1016 and 1062, 1064, 1066) may be assembled as previously described, or the DNA segments may be further processed.

A Gibson assembly method can be used to chew back the 5′ ends to generate complementary overhangs. The oligos 1012, 1014, 1016 and the oligos 1062, 1064, 1066 of each of the sets 1010, 1060, respectively, can undergo a chew-back during a Gibson assembly process to arrive at the set 1020 in FIG. 10A having oligos 1022, 1024, 1026 and the set 1070 in FIG. 10B having oligos 1072, 1074, 1076.

Turning to FIG. 10C, the complimentary overhangs of the DNA segments or oligos of the sets 1020, 1070 can then be joined via Gibson assembly to fill any gaps and generate two storage gene fragments (not shown in FIG. 10C). Subsequently, the two storage gene fragments may be combined in a separate assembly reaction (e.g., Gibson assembly) to form a larger storage gene fragment or a complete storage gene, as shown in FIG. 10C.

It is noted that although not specifically stated, between any of the assembly steps described throughout this description, any additional steps may be added as needed or desired, for example, a PCR amplification step, a purification step, or both. Either of these example steps could be performed after a Gibson assembly step.

The above specification and examples provide a complete description of the structure and use of exemplary implementations of the invention. The above description provides specific implementations. It is to be understood that other implementations are contemplated and may be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure. The above detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense. While the present disclosure is not so limited, an appreciation of various aspects of the disclosure will be gained through a discussion of the examples provided.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing feature sizes, amounts, and physical properties are to be understood as being modified by the term “about,” whether or not the term “about” is immediately present. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing the teachings disclosed herein.

As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” encompass implementations having plural referents, unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

Spatially related terms, including but not limited to, “bottom,” “lower”, “top”, “upper”, “beneath”, “below”, “above”, “on top”, “on,” etc., if used herein, are utilized for ease of description to describe spatial relationships of an element(s) to another. Such spatially related terms encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the particular orientations depicted in the figures and described herein. For example, if a structure depicted in the figures is turned over or flipped over, portions previously described as below or beneath other elements would then be above or over those other elements.

Since many implementations of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended. Furthermore, structural features of the different implementations may be combined in yet another implementation without departing from the recited claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for DNA synthesis, comprising: a DNA symbol library comprising a number of DNA symbols each comprising a number of nucleotide pairs, the number of DNA symbols being 4{circumflex over ( )}(the number of nucleotide pairs), each DNA symbol having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end different than and non-complimentary to the first overhanging end, the first overhanging end and the second overhanging end being the same nucleotides for each DNA symbol; and a DNA linker library comprising pairs of DNA linkers each comprising nucleotide pairs, a first linker of a pair having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end and a second linker of the pair having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end, the first overhanging end of the first linker being the same nucleotides for each first linker and the second overhanging end of the second linker being the same nucleotides for each second linker, wherein the second overhanging end of the first linker and the first overhanging end of the second linker have complementary nucleotides, wherein the first linker of a pair is adapted to join to the first overhanging end of a DNA symbol and the second linker of the pair is adapted to join to the second overhanging end of another DNA symbol.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the DNA linker library further comprises DNA linkers having a non-overhanging end.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the DNA symbol library has 65,536 DNA symbols each symbol having 8 nucleotide pairs.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the first overhanging end for each of the DNA symbols in the DNA symbol library is the same, and the second overhanging end for each of the DNA symbols in the DNA symbol library is the same.
 5. A method of making a DNA gene, comprising: providing a DNA symbol library comprising a number of DNA symbols each having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end different than and non-complimentary to the first overhanging end, the first overhanging end and the second overhanging end being the same nucleotides for each DNA symbol; providing a DNA linker library comprising pairs of DNA linkers each comprising nucleotide pairs, a first linker of a pair having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end and a second linker of the pair having a first overhanging end and a second overhanging end, the first overhanging end of the first linker being the same nucleotides for each first linker and the second overhanging end of the second linker being the same nucleotides for each second linker, wherein the second overhanging end of the first linker and the first overhanging end of the second linker have complementary nucleotides; simultaneously: linking a first DNA symbol to a first first linker and to a first second linker, the first and second linkers from a pair of linkers or from different pairs of linkers, the first overhanging end of the first symbol linking to the first first linker and the second overhanging end of the first symbol linking to the first second linker to form a first oligo; linking a second DNA symbol to a second first linker and to a second second linker, the first and second linkers from a pair of linkers or from different pairs of linkers, the first overhanging end of the second symbol linking to the second first linker and the second overhanging end of the second symbol linking to the second second linker to form a second oligo; and linking a third DNA symbol to a third first linker and to a third second linker, the first and second linkers from a pair of linkers or from different pairs of linkers, the first overhanging end of the third symbol linking to the third first linker and the second overhanging end of the third symbol linking to the third second linker to form a third oligo; and linking the first oligo, the second oligo and the third oligo to form the DNA gene.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein: linking the first DNA symbol to the first first linker and to the first second linker comprises simultaneously linking the first DNA symbol to the first first linker and to the first second linker; linking the second DNA symbol to the second first linker and to the second second linker comprises simultaneously linking the second DNA symbol to the second first linker and to the second second linker; and linking the third DNA symbol to the third first linker and to the third second linker comprises simultaneously linking the third DNA symbol to the third first linker and to the third second linker.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein: linking the first DNA symbol to the first first linker and to the first second linker comprises sequentially linking the first DNA symbol to the first first linker and to the first second linker; linking the second DNA symbol to the second first linker and to the second second linker comprises sequentially linking the second DNA symbol to the second first linker and to the second second linker; and linking the third DNA symbol to the third first linker and to the third second linker comprises sequentially linking the third DNA symbol to the third first linker and to the third second linker.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein linking the first oligo, the second oligo and the third oligo is without additional linkers.
 9. The method of claim 5, wherein linking the first oligo, the second oligo and the third oligo is with additional first linkers and additional second linkers.
 10. The method of claim 5, wherein: linking the first DNA symbol to the first first linker and to the first second linker to form the first oligo; linking the second DNA symbol to the second first linker and to the second second linker to form the second oligo; linking the third DNA symbol to the third first linker and to the third second linker to form the third oligo; and linking the first oligo, the second oligo and the third oligo to form the DNA gene, are all done on a digital microfluidic platform.
 11. The method of claim 5, further comprising, simultaneously to forming the first oligo, the second oligo and the third oligo: linking a fourth DNA symbol to a fourth first linker and to a fourth second linker, the first and second linkers from a pair of linkers or from different pairs of linkers, the first overhanging end of the fourth symbol linking to the fourth first linker and the second overhanging end of the fourth symbol linking to the fourth second linker to form a fourth oligo; linking a fifth DNA symbol to a fifth first linker and to a fifth second linker, the first and second linkers from a pair of linkers or from different pairs of linkers, the first overhanging end of the fifth symbol linking to the fifth first linker and the second overhanging end of the fifth symbol linking to the fifth second linker to form a fifth oligo; and linking a sixth DNA symbol to a sixth first linker and to a sixth second linker, the first and second linkers from a pair of linkers or from different pairs of linkers, the first overhanging end of the sixth symbol linking to the sixth first linker and the second overhanging end of the sixth symbol linking to the sixth second linker to form a sixth oligo; and linking the first oligo, the second oligo, the third oligo, the fourth oligo, the fifth oligo, and the sixth oligo to form the DNA gene.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein: linking the first DNA symbol to the first first linker and to the first second linker comprises simultaneously linking the first DNA symbol to the first first linker and to the first second linker; linking the second DNA symbol to the second first linker and to the second second linker comprises simultaneously linking the second DNA symbol to the second first linker and to the second second linker; linking the third DNA symbol to the third first linker and to the third second linker comprises simultaneously linking the third DNA symbol to the third first linker and to the third second linker; linking the fourth DNA symbol to the fourth first linker and to the fourth second linker comprises simultaneously linking the fourth DNA symbol to the fourth first linker and to the fourth second linker; linking the fifth DNA symbol to the fifth first linker and to the fifth second linker comprises simultaneously linking the fifth DNA symbol to the fifth first linker and to the fifth second linker; and linking the sixth DNA symbol to the sixth first linker and to the sixth second linker comprises simultaneously linking the sixth DNA symbol to the sixth first linker and to the sixth second linker.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein linking the first oligo, the second oligo, the third oligo, the fourth oligo, the fifth oligo, and the sixth oligo is without additional linkers.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein: linking the first DNA symbol to the first first linker and to the first second linker to form the first oligo; linking the second DNA symbol to the second first linker and to the second second linker to form the second oligo; linking the third DNA symbol to the third first linker and to the third second linker to form the third oligo; linking the fourth DNA symbol to the fourth first linker and to the fourth second linker to form the fourth oligo; linking the fifth DNA symbol to the fifth first linker and to the fifth second linker to form the fifth oligo; linking the sixth DNA symbol to the sixth first linker and to the sixth second linker to form the sixth oligo; and linking the first oligo, the second oligo, the third oligo, the fourth oligo, the fifth oligo and the sixth oligo to form the DNA gene, are all done on a digital microfluidic platform.
 15. The method of claim 5 wherein the first and second linkers are from different pairs of linkers.
 16. The method of claim 5, wherein the first overhanging end for each of the DNA symbols in the DNA symbol library is the same, and the second overhanging end for each of the DNA symbols in the DNA symbol library is the same.
 17. The method of claim 5, wherein one of the first linkers of the pairs has a terminating end and one of the second linkers of the pairs has a terminating end.
 18. The method of claim 5, wherein the number of DNA symbols each comprises a number of nucleotide pairs, the number of DNA symbols being 4{circumflex over ( )}(the number of nucleotide pairs).
 19. The method of claim 5, wherein the DNA symbol library has 65,536 DNA symbols each symbol having 8 nucleotide pairs.
 20. The method of claim 5, further comprising: assigning a two-digit binary pattern to each nucleotide. 